@inproceedings{sehrt2024closingtheloop,

title = {Closing the Loop: The Effects of Biofeedback Awareness on Physiological Stress Response Using Electrodermal Activity in Virtual Reality},

author = {Jessica Sehrt and Ugur Yilmaz and Thomas Kosch and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/chiea24-360.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3613905.3650830},

isbn = {979-8-4007-0331-7/24/05},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {Honolulu, HI, USA},

series = {CHI EA\'24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Sehr2024elderly,

title = {From Skepticism to Acceptance: A Qualitative Study on the Dynamics of Elderly Engagement with Mixed Reality},

author = {Jessica Sehrt and Ebony Mbamara and Mustafa Rafati and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/muc24a-sub3609-cam-i19.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3670653.3670666},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-09-01},

urldate = {2024-09-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2024},

pages = {16},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {Karlsruhe, Germany},

series = {MuC ’24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{sehrt2024improving,

title = {Improving Electromyographic Muscle Response Times through Visual and Tactile Prior Stimulation in Virtual Reality},

author = {Jessica Sehrt and Leonardo Ferreira and Karsten Weyers and Amir Mahmood and Thomas Kosch and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/chi24-202.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3613904.36420},

isbn = {979-8-4007-0330-0/24/05},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {Honolulu, HI, USA},

series = {CHI \'24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Kocur2024rowing,

title = {Physiological and Perceptual Effects of Avatars’ Muscularity while Rowing in Virtual Reality},

author = {Martin Kocur and Thomas Noack and Valentin Schwind and Johanna Bogon and Niels Henze},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/muc24a-sub9861-cam-i19.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3670653.3670654},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-09-01},

urldate = {2024-09-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2024},

pages = {9},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {Karlsruhe, Germany},

series = {MuC ’24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Resch2024balancing,

title = {The Impact of Visual Feedback and Avatar Presence on Balance in Virtual Reality},

author = {Stefan Resch and Rohan Brijesh Tiwari and Heer Rakeshkumar Vankawala and Pyria Singh and Mustafa Rafati and Valentin Schwind and Diana V\"{o}lz and Daniel Sanchez-Morillo},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/muc24-31-1.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3670653.3677472},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-09-01},

urldate = {2024-09-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2024},

pages = {5},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {Karlsruhe, Germany},

series = {MuC ’24},

howpublished = {Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2024},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Resch2024mobileHCI,

title = {Usability Evaluation of a Mobile Application for Foot Health Monitoring of Smart Insoles: A Mixed Methods Study},

author = {Stefan Resch and Lucian Zimmermann and Alexander Kunkel and Dennis Gerstung and Valentin Schwind and Diana V\"{o}lz and Daniel Sanchez-Morillo},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mobilehci24f-sub1481-cam-i24-2.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3640471.3680233},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-09-30},

urldate = {2024-09-30},

booktitle = {26th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {Melbourne, VIC, Australia},

series = {MOBILEHCI Adjunct ’24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {forthcoming},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3603555.3608558,

title = {Correct Foot Positioning in Virtual Reality through Visual Agility Ladder Training},

author = {Stefan Resch and Mustafa Rafati and Angela Altomare and Oumaima Raddi and Arso Tahmas and Valentin Schwind and Diana V\"{o}lz},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3603555.3608558

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/3603555.3608558.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3603555.3608558},

isbn = {9798400707711},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2023},

pages = {524\textendash528},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Rapperswil, Switzerland},

series = {MuC '23},

abstract = {Incorrect gait patterns and foot positioning can lead to serious consequences for the entire musculoskeletal system of the human body. While previous work indicates that training with an agility ladder in immersive environments such as in virtual reality (VR) is helpful for training foot positioning using visual feedback, it remains unknown how the visual feedback affects the users’ gait pattern. In an experimental user study (N=20) in VR, we compared the foot positioning success rate and the users’ preferences using four different visualization techniques of an agility ladder (footsteps, arrows, numbers, empty fields). The quantitative results indicate that visualization of footsteps achieved the highest accuracy in correct foot positioning without increasing the workload in VR. This is in contrast to the qualitative feedback in which most of the participants were in favor of the empty field condition. We discuss the implications and limitations for future studies using agility ladder training in VR.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Kocur2023,

title = {The Effects of Avatar and Environment on Thermal Perception and Skin Temperature in Virtual Reality},

author = {Martin Kocur and Lukas Jackermeier and Valentin Schwind and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580668

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/sample-manuscript.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3544548.3580668},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-23},

urldate = {2023-04-23},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '23)},

volume = {1},

publisher = {ACM},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{SehrtCHI2023,

title = {The Effects of Body Location and Biosignal Feedback Modality on Performance and Workload Using Electromyography in Virtual Reality},

author = {Jessica Sehrt and Tim Wi\ssmann and Jan Breitenbach and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580738

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/chi23-101.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3544548.3580738},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-23},

urldate = {2023-04-23},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '23)},

publisher = {ACM},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Schwind2023a,

title = {The HCI User Studies Toolkit: Supporting Study Designing and Planning for Undergraduates and Novice Researchers in Human-Computer Interaction},

author = {Valentin Schwind and Stefan Resch and Jessica Sehrt},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585890

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/chiea23-583.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3544549.3585890},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-23},

urldate = {2023-04-23},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '23)},

publisher = {ACM},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3603555.3603580,

title = {Understanding the Effects of Perceived Avatar Appearance on Latency Sensitivity in Full-Body Motion-Tracked Virtual Reality},

author = {David Halbhuber and Martin Kocur and Alexander Kalus and Kevin Angermeyer and Valentin Schwind and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3603555.3603580

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/3603555.3603580.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3603555.3603580},

isbn = {9798400707711},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2023},

pages = {1\textendash15},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Rapperswil, Switzerland},

series = {MuC '23},

abstract = {Latency in virtual reality (VR) can decrease the feeling of presence and body ownership. How users perceive latency, however, is malleable and affected by the design of the virtual content. Previous work found that an avatar’s visual appearance, particularly its perceived fitness, can be leveraged to change user perception and behavior. Moreover, previous work investigating non-VR video games also demonstrated that controlling avatars that visually conform to users’ expectations associated with the avatars’ perceived characteristics increases the users’ latency tolerance. However, it is currently unknown if the avatar’s visual appearance can be used to modulate the users’ latency sensitivity in full-body motion-tracked VR. Therefore, we conducted two studies to investigate if the avatars’ appearance can be used to decrease the negative impact of latency. In the first study, 41 participants systematically determined two sets of avatars whose visual appearance is perceived to be more or less fit in two physically challenging tasks. In a second study (N = 16), we tested the two previously determined avatars (perceived to be more fit vs. perceived to be less fit) in the two tasks using VR with two levels of controlled latency (system vs. high). We found that embodying an avatar perceived as more fit significantly increases the participants’ physical performance, body ownership, presence, and intrinsic motivation. While we show that latency negatively affects performance, our results also suggest that the avatar’s visual appearance does not alter the effects of latency in VR.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{halbhuber2022dataset,

title = {A Dataset to Investigate First-Person Shooter Players},

author = {David Halbhuber and Julian H\"{o}pfinger and Valentin Schwind and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3505270.3558331

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3505270.3558331.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3505270.3558331},

isbn = {9781450392112},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2022 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play},

pages = {51-56},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Bremen, Germany},

series = {CHI PLAY '22},

abstract = {Datasets are multi-purpose research tools, enabling researchers to design, develop, and test solutions to classical computer sciences problems and novel research questions. In the gaming domain, however, there are few high-quality datasets providing both: (1) visual gameplay data and (2) additional information about the gameplay, such as user input. As a result, game researchers most of the time have to collect, process, and annotate gameplay data in time-consuming data collection studies themselves. We start closing this gap, by presenting a novel Counter-Strike: Global Offensive dataset. The contributed dataset is a collection of 12 high-skilled players playing Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. We showcase two deep learning-based examples using the presented dataset, demonstrating its versatility.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3498366.3505813,

title = {Privacy at a Glance: A Process to Learn Modular Privacy Icons During Web Browsing},

author = {Maximiliane Windl and Anna-Marie Ortloff and Niels Henze and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3498366.3505813

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2022-CHIIR-PrivacyIcons.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3498366.3505813},

isbn = {9781450391863},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

booktitle = {ACM SIGIR Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval},

pages = {102\textendash112},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Regensburg, Germany},

series = {CHIIR '22},

abstract = {Privacy policies (PPs) are currently the only way to inform users about their rights and choices during web browsing and searching. However, users avoid engaging with them, because of their length and abstract legal language, which makes them hard to read and understand. We propose to support the understanding of PPs by using modular icons. Icons have already proven to be helpful in visualizing concepts with high information density. However, the value of using icons to supplement PPs lacks a scientific foundation. Thus, we conducted two studies to evaluate existing icon sets for their understandability and to teach participants their meaning in situ. We show that modular privacy icons can be taught using our process, which has the potential to aid quicker and easier comprehension of PPs. We contribute a set of tested modular privacy icons and a verified process on how to teach them to users incidentally during web browsing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Kocur2022sweating,

title = {Sweating Avatars Decrease Perceived Exertion and Increase Perceived Endurance While Cycling in Virtual Reality},

author = {Martin Kocur and Johanna Bogon and Manuel Mayer and Miriam Witte and Amelie Karber and Niels Henze and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3562939.3565628

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2022-VRST-Sweating.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3562939.3565628},

isbn = {9781450398893},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

booktitle = {28th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Tsukuba, Japan},

series = {VRST '22},

abstract = {Avatars are used to represent users in virtual reality (VR) and create embodied experiences. Previous work showed that avatars’ stereotypical appearance can affect users’ physical performance and perceived exertion while exercising in VR. Although sweating is a natural human response to physical effort, surprisingly little is known about the effects of sweating avatars on users. Therefore, we conducted a study with 24 participants to explore the effects of sweating avatars while cycling in VR. We found that visualizing sweat decreases the perceived exertion and increases perceived endurance. Thus, users feel less exerted while embodying sweating avatars. We conclude that sweating avatars contribute to more effective exergames and fitness applications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Sehrt2022b,

title = {The Negative Effect on Postural Ergonomics of Non-Sedentary Workplace Desks in Virtual Reality},

author = {Jessica Sehrt and Henrico Putra Neumann and Julian Niclas Wenzel and Luca Kindermann and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543758.3547541

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-MuC-ErgonomicsInVR.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3543758.3547541},

isbn = {978-1-4503-9690-5/22/09},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-04},

urldate = {2022-09-04},

booktitle = {Mensch und Computer 2022 (MuC '22)},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {New York, NY, USA},

abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) is gaining increasing importance in an increasing number of places in daily life, particularly when gaming or working. Morever, immersive activities are often performed while standing at physical desks and current devices can even register the physical properties of a virtual workplace to match the virtual content with haptics in the real world in front of the user. However, little is known about the effects of VR on how users perceive and ergonomically adapt to workplace desks when wearing a head-mounted display (HMD). In this user study, we conducted an experiment with 19 participants to investigate the effect of non-sedentary VR on the postural risk level, workload, and preferred desk height. The results indicate that being in VR negatively influences objective and subjective measures of ergonomics and increases postural risk while the preferred desk height remained unaffected. We found evidence that wearing the HMD negatively affects the neck posture at non-sedentary workplace desks. We contribute with our findings and highlight the need for improving the field-of-view and weight of HMDs for lower postural risk levels at workplace desks in non-seated VR.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Kocur2022rubberhand,

title = {The Rubber Hand Illusion in Virtual Reality and the Real World - Comparable but Different},

author = {Martin Kocur and Alexander Kalus and Johanna Bogon and Niels Henze and Christian Wolff and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3562939.3565614

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2022-VRST-Rubberhand.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3562939.3565614},

isbn = {9781450398893},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

booktitle = {28th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Tsukuba, Japan},

series = {VRST '22},

abstract = {Feeling ownership of a virtual body is crucial for immersive experiences in VR. Knowledge about body ownership is mainly based on rubber hand illusion (RHI) experiments in the real world. Watching a rubber hand being stroked while one’s own hidden hand is synchronously stroked, humans experience the rubber hand as their own hand and underestimate the distance between the rubber hand and the real hand (proprioceptive drift). There is also evidence for a decrease in hand temperature. Although the RHI has been induced in VR, it is unknown whether effects in VR and the real world differ. We conducted a RHI experiment with 24 participants in the real world and in VR and found comparable effects in both environments. However, irrespective of the RHI, proprioceptive drift and temperature differences varied between settings. Our findings validate the utilization of the RHI in VR to increase our understanding of embodying virtual avatars.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{halbhuber2022understanding,

title = {Understanding Player Performance and Gaming Experience while Playing a First-Person Shooter with Auditory Latency},

author = {David Halbhuber and Maximilian Huber and Valentin Schwind and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3505270.3558333

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3505270.3558333.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3505270.3558333},

isbn = {9781450392112},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2022 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play},

pages = {24-30},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Bremen, Germany},

series = {CHI PLAY '22},

abstract = {Visual latency is known to decrease player performance and experience starting at 25 ms. Less is known about the effects of auditory latency in video games. To investigate the effects of auditory latency, we added auditory latency to a publicly available and latency-sensitive first-person shooter game. Using the game, we conducted a study with 24 participants playing the game with four different levels of auditory latency (0 ms, 50 ms, 100 ms, 200 ms). The results of a Bayesian analysis support a model with no true effect of auditory latency on game experience and player performance in first-person shooter games. Hence, our preliminary results indicate that auditory latency may not affect gamers with the same magnitude as visual latency.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Sehrt2022a,

title = {WristConduct: Biometric User Authentication Using Bone Conduction at the Wrist},

author = {Jessica Sehrt and Feng Yi Lu and Leonard Husske and Anton Roesler and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543758.3547542

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Muc2022-WristConduct.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3543758.3547542},

isbn = {978-1-4503-9690-5/22/09},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-05},

urldate = {2022-09-05},

booktitle = {Mensch und Computer 2022 (MuC '22), September 4-7, 2022, Darmstadt, Germany},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {New York, NY, USA},

abstract = {Biometric user authentication is an important factor to ensure security and privacy for personal devices. While many devices such as smartphones or laptops can be unlocked based on biometric data, smartwatches or other wrist-worn mobile devices still rely on knowledge-based schemes such as PINs or passwords. In a proof-of-concept study with 24 participants, we show that it is possible to identify individuals using soundwaves passing through the wrist bones using a bone conduction speaker and a laryngophone (microphone). We tested support vector machines (SVMs) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for binary classification. Using ANNs our method shows an authentication accuracy of 98.7%. We discuss the implications of integrating our approach into future devices and contribute with our findings in doing the first step for continuous passive user authentication at the wrist.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3411764.3445160,

title = {Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Athletic Avatars while Cycling in Virtual Reality},

author = {Martin Kocur and Florian Habler and Valentin Schwind and Pawe\l W Wo\'{z}niak and Christian Wolf and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445160

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/chi21-121.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445160},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-08},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Yokohama, Japan},

series = {CHI' 21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3411764.3445606,

title = {Reading in VR: The Effect of Text Presentation Type and Location},

author = {Rufat Rzayev and Polina Ugnivenko and Sarah Graf and Valentin Schwind and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445606

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/CHI2021-Reading-in-VR.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3411763.3441337},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-08},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Yokohama, Japan},

series = {CHI' 21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{epub45543,

title = {The Extent of the Proteus Effect as a Behavioral Measure for Assessing User Experience in Virtual Reality},

author = {Martin Kocur and Niels Henze and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/45543/

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/CHI2021-Workshop-ProteusEffectUX-1.pdf},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

booktitle = {CHI 2021 - Workshop on Evaluating User Experiences in Mixed Reality},

pages = {1--3},

abstract = {Assessing the user experience (UX) while being immersed in a virtual environment (VE) is crucial to obtain insights about the quality and vividness of the experience created by virtual reality (VR) systems. These valuable insights are necessary to understand a user's response to VEs and, therefore, to advance in VR research. However, a standardized and effective measure for assessing UX is still missing. Consequently, this lack of suitable measures hinders researchers to gain knowledge and understanding about the effects of VEs on users and in turn slows down the progress in VR technology. To tackle this problem, we propose a behavioral measure for assessing UX based on a phenomenon known as the Proteus effect, which describes changes in behavior and attitude due to the embodiment of avatars with stereotypical characteristics. As avatars are a crucial part of an immersive experience, the extent of behavioral changes caused by the embodiment of avatars may pose an opportunity to implicitly quantify the UX of a VE. This paper discusses an alternative behavioral measure and contributes to the debate about suitable methods for assessing UX in VR systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Schwind2020,

title = {Anticipated User Stereotypes Systematically Affect the Social Acceptability of Mobile Devices},

author = {Valentin Schwind and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420113

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/nordichi20-52.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3419249.3420113},

isbn = {9781450375795},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-25},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society},

pages = {12},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Tallinn, Estonia},

series = {NordiCHI ’20},

abstract = {Understanding social perception is crucial when designing socially accepted mobile devices. Using the stereotype content model (SCM), recent work showed that mobile devices systematically attract stereotypical users' warmth and competence. It was concluded that the SCM can predict a device's social acceptability. There is, however, no empirical evidence for the assumption that the SCM can predict social acceptability and it also unclear what causes a device's stereotypical perception. In this paper, we first verify that the SCM's dimensions strongly correlate with social acceptance and show that social acceptance can be explained through stereotypical perception. In a second study, we independently asked participants to assess the warmth and competence of mobile devices, human stereotypes, and the probability that human stereotypes use the devices. We found that warmth and competence of anticipated stereotypical users predict a device's position in the SCM. The combined results of both studies show that the stereotypical perception of anticipated users can explain the social acceptability of mobile devices.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3419249.3420095,

title = {Effects of Position and Alignment of Notifications on AR Glasses during Social Interaction},

author = {Rufat Rzayev and Susanne Korbely and Milena Maul and Alina Schark and Valentin Schwind and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420095

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/rufatNordiCHI2020.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3419249.3420095},

isbn = {9781450375795},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Tallinn, Estonia},

series = {NordiCHI '20},

abstract = {Notifications are one of the smartphones’ key features. However, notifications can be disruptive, especially during social interaction. Augmented reality (AR) glasses can embed notifications directly into the user’s field of view and enable reading them while being engaged in a primary task. However, for efficient notification presentation using AR glasses, it is necessary to understand how notifications should be displayed without negatively affecting social interaction. Therefore, we conducted a study with 32 participants (16 pairs) using AR glasses to investigate how to display notifications during face-to-face communication. We compared center and top-right positions for notifications while aligning them relative to the user’s field of view or with the conversation partner. We found significant effects of notification position and alignment on how notifications are perceived using AR glasses during face-to-face communication. Insights from our study inform the design of applications for AR glasses that support displaying digital notifications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3404983.3405523,

title = {Effects of Position of Real-Time Translation on AR Glasses},

author = {Rufat Rzayev and Sabrina Hartl and Vera Wittmann and Valentin Schwind and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3404983.3405523

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2020-MUC-HoloTranslate.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3404983.3405523},

isbn = {9781450375405},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Mensch Und Computer},

pages = {251\textendash257},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Magdeburg, Germany},

series = {MuC '20},

abstract = {Augmented reality (AR) provides users with contextually relevant multimedia content by overlaying it on real-world objects. However, overlaying virtual content on real-world objects can cause occlusion. Especially for learning use cases, the occlusion might result in missing real-world information important for learning gain. Therefore, it is important to understand how virtual content should be positioned relative to the related real-world information without negatively affecting the learning experience. Thus, we conducted a study with 12 participants using AR glasses to investigate the position of virtual content using a vocabulary learning task. Participants learned foreign words shown in the surrounding while viewing translations using AR glasses as an overlay, on the right or below the foreign word. We found that showing virtual translations on top of foreign words significantly decreases comprehension and increase users' task load. Insights from our study inform the design of applications for AR glasses supporting vocabulary learning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{10.1145/3410404.3414261,

title = {Flexing Muscles in Virtual Reality: Effects of Avatars' Muscular Appearance on Physical Performance},

author = {Martin Kocur and Melanie Kloss and Valentin Schwind and Christian Wolff and Niels Henze},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3410404.3414261

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2020-CHIPLAY-PowerVR.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3410404.3414261},

isbn = {9781450380744},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play},

pages = {193\textendash205},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Virtual Event, Canada},

series = {CHI PLAY '20},

abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) allows users to embody any possible avatar. Previous work found that the appearance of avatars can change our perception and behavior. Such behavioral changes based on stereotypical assessments are known as the Proteus effect. Exergames involve physical activities of players, however, it is currently unknown if behavioral changes caused by an avatar's appearance can affect players' performance in physically engaging tasks. Therefore, we conducted a study with 30 participants to determine the effect of avatars' muscularity on physical performance and perception of effort. We found that participants in muscular avatars had a lower perceived exertion during an isometric force task. Furthermore, male participants embodying a muscular avatar had a higher grip strength. Results suggest that embodying avatars associated with power and strength can decrease the perception of effort and enhance physical performance. We discuss how body ownership, user identification, and gender moderate avatars' effects.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Ortloff2020,

title = {Implementation and In Situ Assessment of Contextual Privacy Policies},

author = {Anna-Marie Ortloff and Maximiliane Windl and Valentin Schwind and Niels Henze},

url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395549

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CPP_camera_ready.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3357236.3395549},

isbn = {9781450369749},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-07-06},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference},

pages = {14},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Eindhoven, Netherlands},

series = {DIS ’20},

abstract = {Online services collect an increasing amount of data about their users. Privacy policies are currently the only common way to inform users about the kinds of data collected, stored and processed by online services. Previous work showed that users do not read and understand privacy policies, due to their length, difficult language, and often non-prominent location. Embedding privacy-relevant information directly in the context of use could help users understand the privacy implications of using online services. We implemented Contextual Privacy Policies (CPPs) as a browser extension and provide it to the community to make privacy information accessible for end-users. We evaluated CPPs through a one-week deployment and in situ questionnaires as well as pre- and post-study interviews. We found that CPPs were well received by participants. The analysis revealed that provided information should be as compact as possible, be adjusted to user groups and enable users to take action.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Mayer:2020:IHA,

title = {Improving Humans’ Ability to Interpret Deictic Gestures in Virtual Reality},

author = {Sven Mayer and Jens Reinhardt and Robin Schweigert and Brighten Jelke and Valentin Schwind and Katrin Wolf and Niels Henze},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3313831.3376340

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2020-CHI-Improving-HumansAbility.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3313831.3376340},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-04-25},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {Honolulu, HI, USA},

series = {CHI '20},

abstract = {Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs) offer unique opportunities for human communication. Humans can interact with each other over a distance in any environment and visual embodiment they want. Although deictic gestures are especially important as they can guide other humans' attention, humans make systematic errors when using and interpreting them. Recent work suggests that the interpretation of vertical deictic gestures can be significantly improved by warping the pointing arm. In this paper, we extend previous work by showing that models enable to also improve the interpretation of deictic gestures at targets all around the user. Through a study with 28 participants in a CVE, we analyzed the errors users make when interpreting deictic gestures. We derived a model that rotates the arm of a pointing user's avatar to improve the observing users' accuracy. A second study with 24 participants shows that we can improve observers' accuracy by 22.9%. As our approach is not noticeable for users, it improves their accuracy without requiring them to learn a new interaction technique or distracting from the experience.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Graf2020,

title = {Inconsistencies of Presence Questionnaires in Virtual Reality},

author = {Sarah Graf and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2020-VRST-BIPsInVR.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3422105},

doi = {10.1145/3385956.3422105},

isbn = {9781450376198/20/11},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-01},

booktitle = {26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology},

pages = {3},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Virtual Event, Canada},

series = {VRST '20},

abstract = {Presence in virtual reality (VR) is typically assessed through questionnaires in the real world and after leaving an immersive experience. Previous research suggests that questionnaires in VR reduce biases caused by the real-world setup. However, it remains unclear whether presence questionnaires still provide valid results when subjects are being surveyed while the construct is perceived. In a user study with 36 participants, two standardized presence questionnaires (IPQ, SUSa) were either completed in the real lab, in a virtual lab scene, or in the actual scene after a virtual gaming experience. Our results show inconsistencies between the measurements and that main scores, as well as subscales of the presence measures are significantly affected by the subjects' environment. As presence questionnaires have been designed to be answered after an immersive experience, we recommend revising those tools for measuring presence in VR.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Rzayev2020,

title = {It’s Not Always Better When We’re Together: Effects of Being Accompanied in Virtual Reality},

author = {Rufat Rzayev and Florian Habler and Polina Ugnivenko and Niels Henze and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3334480.3382826

https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/LBW325.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3334480.3382826},

isbn = {978-1-4503-6819-3/20/04},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-04-25},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

journal = {Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

address = {Honolulu, HI, USA},

abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) enables immersive applications that make rich content available independent of time and space. By replacing or supplementing physical face-to-face meetings, VR could also radically change how we socially interact with others. Despite this potential, the effect of transferring physical collaborative experience into a virtual one is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the experience differences between a collaborative virtual environment (CVE) and a physical environment. We used a museum visit as a task since it is a typical social experience and a promising use case for VR. 48 participants experienced the task in real and virtual environments, either alone or with a partner. Despite the potential of CVEs, we found that being in a virtual environment has adverse effects on the experience which is reinforced by being in the environment with another person. Based on quantitative and qualitative results, we provide recommendations for the design of future multi-user virtual environments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Schwind2020a,

title = {The Effects of Full-Body Avatar Movement Predictions in Virtual Reality using Neural Networks},

author = {Valentin Schwind and David Halbhuber and Jakob Fehle and Jonathan Sasse and Andreas Pfaffelhuber and Christoph T\"{o}gel and Julian Dietz and Niels Henze},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/vrst20-2.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418941},

doi = {10.1145/3385956.3418941},

isbn = {9781450376198/20/11},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-01},

booktitle = {26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology},

pages = {11},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Virtual Event, Canada},

series = {VRST '20},

abstract = {Motion tracking technologies and avatars in virtual reality (VR) showing the movements of the own body enable high levels of presence and a strong illusion of body ownership (IBO) -- key features of immersive systems and gaming experiences in virtual environments. Previous work suggests using software-based algorithms that can not only compensate system latency but also predict future movements of the user to increase input performance. However, the effects of movement prediction in VR on input performance are largely unknown. In this paper, we investigate neural network-based predictions of full-body avatar movements in two scenarios: In the first study, we used a standardized 2D Fitts' Law task to examine the information throughput in VR. In the second study, we utilized a full-body VR game to determine the users' performance. We found that both performance and subjective measures in a standardized 2D Fitts' law task could not benefit from the predicted avatar movements. In an immersive gaming scenario, however, the perceived accuracy of the own body location improved. Presence and body assessments remained more stable and were higher than during the Fitts' task. We conclude that machine-learning-based predictions could be used to compensate system-related latency but participants only subjectively benefit under certain conditions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Kocur2020,

title = {The Effects of Self- and External Perception of Avatars on Cognitive Task Performance in Virtual Reality},

author = {Martin Kocur and Philipp Schaubhuber and Valentin Schwind and Christian Wolff and Niels Henze},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/vrst20a-sub1086-cam-i6.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418969},

doi = {10.1145/3385956.3418969},

isbn = {9781450376198/20/11},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-01},

booktitle = {26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology},

pages = {11},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Virtual Event, Canada},

series = {VRST '20},

abstract = {Virtual Reality (VR) allows embodying any possible avatar. Known as the textitProteus effect, avatars can change users' behavior and attitudes. Previous work found that embodying Albert Einstein can increase cognitive task performance. The behavioral confirmation paradigm, however, predicts that our behavior is also affected by others' perception of us. Therefore, we investigated the cognitive performance in collaborative VR when self-perception and external perception of the own avatar differ. 32 male participants performed a Tower of London task in pairs. One participant embodied Einstein or a young adult while the other perceived the participant as Einstein or a young adult. We show that the perception by others affects cognitive performance. The Einstein avatar also decreased the perceived workload. Results imply that avatars' appearance to both, the user and the others must be considered when designing for cognitively demanding tasks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Kocur2020b,

title = {The Impact of Missing Fingers in Virtual Reality},

author = {Martin Kocur and Sarah Graf and Valentin Schwind},

url = {https://vali.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2020-VRST-ImportanceOfFingers.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418973},

doi = {10.1145/3385956.3418973},

isbn = {9781450376198/20/11},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-01},

booktitle = {26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology},

pages = {5},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Virtual Event, Canada},

series = {VRST '20},

abstract = {Avatars in virtual reality (VR) can have body structures that differ from the physical self. Game designers, for example, often stylize virtual characters by reducing the number of fingers. Previous work found that the sensation of presence in VR depends on avatar realism and the number of limbs. However, it is currently unknown how the removal of individual fingers affects the VR experience, body perception, and how fingers are used instead. In a study with 24 participants, we investigate the effects of missing fingers and avatar realism on presence, phantom pain perception, and finger usage. Our results show that particularly missing index fingers decrease presence, show the highest phantom pain ratings, and significantly change hand interaction behavior. We found that relative usage of thumb and index fingers in contrast to middle, ring, and little finger usage was higher with abstract hands than with realistic ones -- even when the fingers were missing. We assume that dominant fingers are firstly integrated into the own body schema when an avatar does not resemble one's own appearance. We discuss cognitive mechanisms in experiencing virtual limb loss.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}